NATURAL ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE SEA AND CRUST
|
Speciation
of trace elements in sea water
|
|
| Metal | Main species |
| Al3+ | Al(OH)3 |
| Cr3+ | Cr(OH)3 |
| Mn2+ | Mn2+ 58%, MnCl+ 37%, MnSO4 4%, MnCO3 1% |
| Fe2+ | Fe2+ 69%, FeCl+ 20%, FeCO3 5%, FeSO4 4%, Fe(OH)+ 2% |
| Fe3+ | Fe(OH)3 |
| Co2+ | CO2+ 58%, CoCl+ 30%, CoCO3 6%, CoSO4 5%, Co(OH)+ 1% |
| Ni2+ | Ni2+ 47%, NiCl+ 34%, NiCO3 14%, NiSO4 4%, Ni(OH)+ 1% |
| Cu2+ | Cu2+ 9%, CuCO3 79%, Cu(OH)+ 8%, CuCl+ 3%, CuSO4 1% |
| Zn2+ | Zn2+ 46%, ZnCl+ 35%, Zn(OH)+ 12%, ZnSO4 4%, ZnCO3 3% |
| MoVI | MoO42- |
| Cd2+ | Cd2+ 3%, CdCl+ 97% |
| Pb2+ | Pb2+ 3%, PbCl+ 47%, PbCO3 41%, Pb(OH)+ 9%, PbSO4 1% |
| SiIV | H4SiO4 92%, H3SiO4- 5% |
|
Approximate
elemental concentrations in sea water (usual
biological elements in bold, rare in italics, nonbiological
elements in normal type)
|
|
| Concentration | Elements |
|
>10-1
M
|
Chlorine, Sodium |
|
10-2
M
|
Magnesium, Sulfur, Potassium |
|
10-3
M
|
Calcium, Carbon |
|
10-4
M
|
Boron, Bromine |
|
10-5
M
|
Fluorine, Silicon, Strontium |
|
10-6
M
|
Lithium, Nitrogen, O2, Phosphorus, Argon, Rubidium |
|
10-7
M
|
Molybdenum, Iodine, Barium, Titanium, Vanadium, Nickel, Zinc, Arsenic |
|
10-8
M
|
Manganese, Uranium |
|
10-9
M
|
Iron, Copper, Chromium, Antimony |
|
10-10
M
|
Gallium, Tungsten |
|
10-11
M
|
Beryllium, Cobalt, Lead, Lanthanides |
|
10-12
M
|
Mercury, Tin, Gold, Indium |
|
<10-12
M
|
Osmium, Platinum, Tellurium, Bismuth, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium |
| Relative crustal abundance of the most common elements | |||
| Element | % | Element | % |
| O | 50 | K | 2.4 |
| Si | 26 | Mg | 1.9 |
| Al | 7.5 | H | 0.9 |
| Fe | 4.7 | Ti | 0.6 |
| Ca | 3.4 | Cl | 0.2 |
| Na | 2.6 | P | 0.1 |
| Abundance in g/metric ton of less common elements | |||
| < 1 kg/ton | Mn, C, S, Ba, Cr, N, F, Zr, Zn, Ni, Sr, V | ||
| < 100 g/ton | Cu, Y, W, Li, Rb, Hf, Ce, Pb, Th, Nd, Co, B | ||
| < 10 g/ton | Mo, Br, Sn, Sc, Be, La, As, Ar, Ge | ||
| < 1 g/ton | Se, Nb, Sb, U, Ta, Ga, In, Tl, Cd | ||
| ~mg/ton | I, Pt metals, Ag, Bi, Hg, Te, Au, noble gases | ||
| ~mg/1000 tons | Ra, Ac, Po | ||
| Gas | Solubility in water (M) |
| Oxygen | 0.002 |
| Ozone | 0.02 |
| Nitrogen | 0.001 |
| Nitrogen monoxide (NO) | 0.003 |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | 0.0016 |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) | 0.0075 |
| Methane (CH4) | 0.0015 |
| Sulfur dioxide (SO2) | 0.01 |
| Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | 0.02 |
| Ammonia (NH3) | > 50 |
| Hydrogen chloride (HCl) | > 20 |